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Music Charts, a means of determining the popularity of musical performers through sales of their recordings. Such charts stretch back to the turn of the century, when sales of sheet music and early recordings were documented in American publications such as The Phonogram and The Phonoscope. More authoritative lists of the most in-demand sheet music were published in the 1920s by Billboard and Variety magazines. Since chart success often determined the frequency with which records were played on the radio (and disc jockeys could influence the charts in turn by giving records air-time), these charts became increasingly important to the record industry. By the 1930s, Billboard was also documenting radio playlists and the most requested records on juke boxes. All of these sources would combine to form a measure of success that came to be known as the "Hit Parade". On July 20, 1940, Billboard ran an all-inclusive, best-selling records chart, expanding this to a "Hot 100" chart in 1958. The first British chart to gain credibility began in the New Musical Express on November 14, 1952, which included sales of both singles and albums. A separate UK albums chart was initiated by Melody Maker in 1958.
Chart success is still the indicator of commercial power in a highly competitive business, and chart run-down shows on the radio are hugely popular. Occasionally, companies have tried to interfere with the statistics, by, for instance, putting sales forces to work on specific records or including special incentives with records, such as a poster or special extra tracks. Abuse of this system has become known as "hyping" the charts and has resulted in many records being penalized or relegated from the lists. Today's compilers rely on computerized sales information in an attempt to remove irregularities from their findings.
The Billboard charts continue to be the most respected American measure of popularity. In Britain, the industry standard has passed from New Musical Express to Record Retailer (which began listings in 1960, now Music Week), the British Market Research Bureau (1969), Gallup (1983), and Millward Brown/CIN (1994).